Co-Ownership Management

Overview

Many villas and properties in Bali are held by multiple owners under an informal or formal co-ownership arrangement, two investors splitting a property 60/40, siblings who inherited land together, or a local partner and a foreign investor in a PT structure. When a jointly-held property generates tax obligations (PBB, PPh cession on a future sale, or BPHTB on a transfer), each owner needs a proportional declaration, not a single shared document.

The Co-Ownership module at Co-owners module handles that split. It lets you record the ownership percentage for each stakeholder, and then derives (at read time) what each owner's share of the filed taxes amounts to.

How the Split Works

The co-ownership record stores:

• Each co-owner's name and their ownership share (percentage)
• Which taxes have been filed against this property (PBB, PPh cession, BPHTB)

When you open the co-owners panel for a property, the module reads the filed tax amounts from the underlying ledger and divides them proportionally. A 60/40 split on a Rp 12,000,000 PBB bill shows co-owner A with Rp 7,200,000 and co-owner B with Rp 4,800,000.

This split is computed at read time; it is not stored as a new entry in the accounting ledger, and it does not create duplicate journal entries. The ledger remains the source of truth; the co-ownership panel is a derived declaration view.

What Gets Split

The module covers the three property-level taxes that require per-owner declaration:

PBB (Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan): annual land and building tax. The proportional share is relevant for each owner's individual income tax return (SPT 1770 for Perorangan, or the PT's deductible expense calculation).

PPh Final cession: the income tax on property sale or transfer (PPh Final 2.5% on transaction value under PP 34/2016). Each co-owner's share of the taxable gain and the applicable tax is computed from their ownership percentage.

BPHTB: acquisition tax on the buyer side. If co-owners are acquiring a property together, each buyer's share of the BPHTB obligation is shown separately.

Limitations at V1

The module is designed for declaration purposes, not for complex equity accounting. It does not handle:

• Unequal expense allocations (where one co-owner pays maintenance but another does not)
• Co-owner loan structures or deferred payment arrangements
• Equity evolution over time (ownership changes)

For those scenarios, the underlying accounting entries need to be structured at the booking or expense level, and a separate arrangement with an accountant is recommended. VillaTax handles the standard proportional case.

Workflow

1. Open Co-owners module and select a property
2. Add each co-owner with their name and ownership percentage (must total 100%)
3. The panel shows the property's filed taxes and the proportional split for each co-owner
4. Export the co-owner view as a PDF or CSV for sharing with each owner's accountant or for inclusion in their SPT filing

The co-owner panel is read-only from the perspective of the ledger. If the underlying tax amounts change (an amended PBB, a corrected PPh cession), the co-ownership view updates automatically on the next load.